A new bill, authored by Assemblyman James Ramos of California and signed into law by Governor Newsom, states that,  bdeginning January 1, 2025, all schools in California are required to teach the historical truth about the “Mission Era” and the gold rush and its effect upon California’s native peoples.

October 25, 2024.  President Joe Biden visits Arizona's Gila River Indian Community and  apologizes for Native American children forced into federal boarding schools.  

"For Indigenous peoples, they served as places of trauma and terror for more than 100 years. Tens of thousands of Indigenous children, as young as four years old were taken from their families and communities and forced into boarding schools run by the U.S. government and religious institutions," he said.

"Nearly 1000 documented Native child deaths, though the real number is likely to be much, much higher. Lost generations, culture and language. Lost trust. It's horribly, horribly wrong. It's a sin on our soul," he continued.

"I formally apologize as president of United States of America for what we did," he said, emphatically. "I formally apologize!"

(https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-apologize-government-forcing-indian-children-boarding-schools/story?id=115146385)

"Before Columbus, your god did not exist in America!"

"They go inside a building to talk to their god.  We go out into the natural world - and our Creator speaks to us'" (Lakota Man)

LOGLINE: In 1780 California, a mixed-blood scout, violently torn from his tribe, struggles to return to his people.

PACO PALIDO (fictional) is  the mixd-heritage scout central to "Alta California."   His story is divided into three sections: 

     1, The Madonna and child in the mission dissolve before PACO PALIDO’s eyes hurling him back to the Spanish attack on his native village where his mother was murdered before his eyes.  Paco, a mixed blood, is saved by a Franciscan friar, and taken to a boarding school.  Here he refuses to relinquish the "heathen" clamshell necklace given him by his mother in favor of a crucifix.  Nor does he accept baptism into the religion that condemns his unbaptized mother to its Hell.  Now a scout for Captain Felipe de Neve, Paco witnesses the soldiers’ continued mistreatment of the natives, even the baptized “neophytes,” and the continued disputes between Captain Felipe de Neve and Padre Junipero Serra.

     2, The clamshell necklace saves Paco when he is captured by the “heathen” Chumash Indians of Santa Barbara.  Here, a young woman, Ifapi, invites Paco to a ceremony where he meets the ghost of his dead mother.  Has Paco found his people once again?

     3, Paco has one final task on behalf of his people.  With the Spanish leaving California, what should become of the neophytes?  Remain in the missions, protected by God, Serra’s choice, or return them to their tribal ways, Neve and Paco’s?  Only one will win.  The “Good Padre" is determined! his way will win  The neophytes remain in the missions, making them easy prey to the advancing white men.  Paco returns to Ifapi and the Chumash.  He has found his lost home.

We, like Paco, are on an existential journey, struggling to find meaning in our lives.  Religious, political, social and other competing calls ring out demanding conformity.   In addition, recent actions and comments about the historical treatment of its indigenous peoples reinforce the importance of this story.  

"To justify their plans, they took preexisting notions of their own centrality reinforced by their self-interested interpretation of the bible [my emphasis], and created a hierarchy of who could do what, who could own what, who was on top ["upper rung peoples from Europe"] and who was on the bottom and who was in between."  (Isabel Wilkerson, Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents, p. 23)

Woven into Paco's story as setting and background  are  historical facts,  characters and truths: 

PADRE JUNIPERO SERRA (68), an historical figure.  Contemporaries describe him as proud, arrogant, determined to convert heathens, and refusal to compromise in his desire to convert the “savages.”   He was aware of how he was guilty of the sin of pride yet succumbed to it often.  The incident in which Serra slowly lowered his hands over a burning candle while performing Mass, and his frequent whipping of himself with chains, are recorded in historical books.  He is buried in the Mission, San Carlos Borromeo in Carmel, California. 

CAPTAIN (COMMANDANTE GENERAL) FELIPE de NEVE (60s), an historical figure.  Neve,  a descendant of a Spanish aristocratic family, served as fourth governor of the Californias.   He was tall, aristocratic, and powerful yet humane soldier, and King Carlos of Spain’s secular authority in Alta California.  Neve, Serra’s adversary, believed that all, even unbaptized, had basic, human rights.  He clashed often with Serra over attitude to natives, misspent monies, and authority over soldiers.  Neve was married but, because of King Carlos’ trust in his bureaucratic expertise, Neve was shipped off to Mexico soon after his marriage.  Sadly, never once in the ensuing 27 years did he return to his wife in Spain.  He is buried in an unmarked grave, by his own choice, in Chihuahua, Mexico. 

Jean-Francois de la Perouse wrote that Neve “remonstrated against the practice of corporal punishment.”   He and Serra both died in 1784,

Neve wrote an ordinance (the Reglamento) “mandating the curtailment of the religious power of Fra Junipero Serra’s Franciscan missionaries.”  Some aspects of it are still the basis of today’s California laws.

Although "lost" to many California history books, Govenor Felipe de Neve founded the city of Los Angeles with Spanish settlers.. 

Neve and Serra differered over what was to become of the "neophytes" (mission Indians) following the Spanish withdrawal.  Neve argued they should be returned to their tribal lands after voting for a "headman" to lead them.  Serra believed the neophytes should remain in the missions and that God would protect them.  History has answered who was correct.

Captain Felipe de Neve remains California’s forgotten figure.  There is a statue of him in Los Angeles, the settlement he founded.   Although "lost" to many California history books, Govenor Felipe de Neve founded the city of Los Angeles with Spanish settlers.. 

SERGEANT CAMACHO and CORPORAL CORDERO.  Actual historical figures.  Spanish soldiers who regarded all indigenous, even “neophytes” (baptized) as heathen animals, savages.  Historical accounts tell of women rushing to the hills if aware that these two soldiers were in a military column. 

Both desired to serve their time and return to Spain with soldiers’ pensions.

RESOLUTION ON FUTURE OF MISSION INDIANS (“NEOPHYTES”):

With the white men racing from the East, drawn by gold, and the Spaniards preparing to leave California, there was a question of what to do with the "neophytes" (baptized mission indians).  Captain Felipe De Neve and King Carlos, the secular authorities, had one solution: return the natives to their tribal ways.  Padre Serra had another: leave them in the mission where God would protect them!  How Serra won that battle is both masterful, intriguing, Machiavellian, and conveniently forgotten.  Serra's victory was, however, devastating for the "neophytes" (see Edwin A. Beilharz, Felipe de Neve: First Governor of California, California Historical Society, 1971, and A Cross of Thorns, Elias Castello, Craven Street Books, 2015).

In 1851, California’s first Governor, Peter Burnett, told the Legislature to expect war “until the Indian race becomes extinct.”

CURRENT ATTITUDES TO THE “MISSION ERA”:

Recounting California's dark history with respect to its indigenous peoples, Governot Gavin Newsom issued an apology in front of a group of Native American tribal elders on behalf of the State of California for a history of repression and violence.

Governor Newsom, in an emotional presentation, recited a published chronicle from the 19th century that listed a tally of Indian deaths, including an account of a white settler who chose to kill children with a revolver instead of a high-caliber shotgun because “it tore them up so bad.”

“It’s called genocide,” Governor Newsom said. “That’s what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that’s the way it needs to be described in the history books.”

https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/06/18/governor-newsom-issues-apology-to-native-americans-for-states-historical-wrongdoings-establishes-truth-and-healing-council/.    June 18, 2019